Promotion Effect Research Articles

Can Aluminum Cations Promote Nucleation for THF Hydrate Growth?

Rapid nucleation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate is essential for developing a THF hydrate-based cold storage technology. Earlier works have hypothesized the role of aluminum complexes in initiating the nucleation of clathrate hydrates using aluminum metal electrodes and substrates. This study investigates if the nucleation promotional effect of hydrate can be achieved using the aluminum salt, AlCl3, due to the formation of aluminum aqua complexes in water. Metal chlorides NaCl and MgCl2 are also utilized to evaluate the effect of cation type in initiating nucleation, i.e., the effect of charge/radius ratio. The induction time is measured in a stirred reactor at various subcoolings and concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt %. The nucleation time is studied in two reactor configurations based on the nature of salt introduction in the THF solution, i.e., salt premixed in solution and salt injected inside the solution. The sudden rise in the reactor temperature due to hydrate formation is used as an indicator of hydrate formation. Results indicate that AlCl3 promotes hydrate nucleation as AlCl3 reduces induction time by 92.2% at 0.05 wt % concentration compared with water. Nearly instantaneous nucleation is also achieved by directly injecting AlCl3. MgCl2 and NaCl do not show a similar effect on induction time as AlCl3. The pH and Raman spectra measurements with and without salts are carried out to explain the effect of cations on the THF-water solution.

Institutional Investors’ Green Activism and Corporate Green Innovation: Based on the Behind-Scene Communications

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the promotion effects of institutional investors’ communication on corporate green innovation. We use content analysis to identify the efficiency of institutional investors’ communication, and find that institutional investors’ communication promotes corporate green innovation. The mechanism analysis indicates that institutional investors’ communication improves managers’ awareness of green transformation, promotes corporate green investment efficiency and mitigates the extent of greenwashing. The positive impacts of institutional investors’ communication are more effective on corporate utility patents than on invention patents. Such green governance effects are more pronounced in non-state-owned firms, green investors and close-distance to the institutional investors. By introducing exogenous shocks of the New Environmental Protection Law and China’s regional carbon emissions trading market pilots, we find that the impact of institutional investors’ communication on green innovation is enhanced after the implementation of environmental policies. Overall, our research contributes to the existing literature on institutional investors’ green activism and the factors of green innovation, and also enriches the cross-disciplinary research on environmental regulation affecting institutional investors’ green governance.

Study on the stability of molecular chirality and the configuration protection of dihydromyricetin in vine tea.

This study aims to investigate the impact of four key factors, namely, temperature, water source, metal ion, and pH, on the stability of molecular chirality of dihydromyricetin (DMY) and proposed effective strategies for configuration protection. The findings reveal that temperatures exceeding 80°C could accelerate the racemization process of DMY, with a significant increase in racemization observed at 100°C. In addition, DMY exhibited heightened stability in ultrapure water as compared to various water sources, including pure water-1, pure water-2, mineral water, and running water. Notably, the presence of Fe2+ displayed an inhibitory effect on the racemization of DMY, whereas Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ showed a substantial promotional effect. Additionally, acidic conditions (pH<5.0) were found to be protective for maintaining the stability of DMY, whereas alkaline conditions (pH>9.0) were observed to be detrimental. Meanwhile, we first identified the presence of another pair of DMY isomers in this work.

Research on the impact of green insurance on regional environmental quality: evidence from China

Green insurance (GI), as an innovative product integrating environmental protection and the financial sector, not only contributes to improving regional environmental quality (EQ) but also enhances corporate environmental risk management and awareness, driving the flourishing development of green finance and the environmental protection industry. Therefore, understanding the relationship between GI and EQ is crucial. This article delves into the mechanisms through which GI influences EQ, proposing a hypothesis that suggests an inverted “U” shape impact. Subsequently, based on panel data from 30 provinces in China spanning from 2000 to 2021, nonlinear regression models and threshold regression models were constructed to test the hypothesis. The research findings indicate: (1) Results from the fixed-effects regression model demonstrate that the impact of GI on China’s EQ follows an inverted “U” shape. (2) Results from the threshold regression model also reveal an inverted “U” shape impact of GI on China’s EQ, with a threshold value of 2.196. (3) Economic level and industrial structure exhibit significant inhibitory effects on EQ improvement. Technological level and environmental regulations demonstrate notable promotional effects. Population size shows no significant impact on EQ improvement. The study identifies a nonlinear effect of GI on EQ improvement, surpassing existing linear effect research, deepening the understanding of its impact on EQ, and contributing to the enhancement of regional EQ.

Highly Efficient Acidic Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide at Industrial-Level Current Densities Promoted by Alkali Metal Cations.

Acidic H2O2 synthesis through electrocatalytic 2e- oxygen reduction presents a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive anthraquinone oxidation technology. Nevertheless, acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis suffers from low H2O2 Faradaic efficiencies primarily due to the competing reactions of 4e- oxygen reduction to H2O and hydrogen evolution in environments with high H+ concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the significant effect of alkali metal cations, acting as competing ions with H+, in promoting acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis at industrial-level currents, resulting in an effective current densities of 50‒421 mA cm‒2 with 84‒100% Faradaic efficiency and a production rate of 856‒7842 μmol cm-2 h-1 that far exceeds the performance observed in pure acidic electrolytes or low-current electrolysis. Finite-element simulations indicate that high interfacial pH near the electrode surface formed at high currents is crucial for activating the promotional effect of K+. In situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal the central role of alkali metal cations in stabilizing the key *OOH intermediate to suppress 4e- oxygen reduction through interacting with coordinated H2O.

Highly Efficient Acidic Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide at Industrial‐Level Current Densities Promoted by Alkali Metal Cations

Acidic H2O2 synthesis through electrocatalytic 2e– oxygen reduction presents a sustainable alternative to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone oxidation technology. Nevertheless, acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis suffers from low H2O2 Faradaic efficiencies primarily due to the competing reactions of 4e– oxygen reduction to H2O and hydrogen evolution in environments with high H+ concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the significant effect of alkali metal cations, acting as competing ions with H+, in promoting acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis at industrial‐level currents, resulting in an effective current densities of 50‒421 mA cm‒2 with 84‒100% Faradaic efficiency and a production rate of 856‒7842 μmol cm‐2 h‐1 that far exceeds the performance observed in pure acidic electrolytes or low‐current electrolysis. Finite‐element simulations indicate that high interfacial pH near the electrode surface formed at high currents is crucial for activating the promotional effect of K+. In situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal the central role of alkali metal cations in stabilizing the key *OOH intermediate to suppress 4e– oxygen reduction through interacting with coordinated H2O.

Community Engagement in Vaccination Promotion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Community engagement plays a vital role in global immunization strategies, offering the potential to overcome vaccination hesitancy and enhance vaccination confidence. Although there is significant backing for community engagement in health promotion, the evidence supporting its effectiveness in vaccination promotion is fragmented and of uncertain quality. This review aims to systematically examine the effectiveness of different contents and extent of community engagement for promoting vaccination rates. This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive and exhaustive literature search was performed in 4 English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and 2 Chinese databases (CNKI and Wan Fang) to identify all possible articles. Original research articles applying an experimental study design that investigated the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently performed the literature search, study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion, with the arbitration of a third reviewer where necessary. A total of 20 articles out of 11,404 records from 2006 to 2021 were retrieved. The studies used various designs: 12 applied single-group pre-post study designs, 5 were cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 3 were non-RCTs. These studies targeted multiple vaccines, with 8 focusing on children's immunization, 8 on human papillomavirus vaccine, 3 on hepatitis B virus vaccine, and 1 on COVID-19 vaccine. The meta-analysis revealed significant increases in vaccination rates both in pre-post comparison (rate difference [RD] 0.34, 95% CI 0.21-0.47, I2=99.9%, P<.001) and between-group comparison (RD 0.18, 95% CI 0.07-0.29, I2=98.4%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that participant recruitment had the largest effect size (RD 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.67, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by intervention development (RD 0.36, 95% CI 0.23-0.50, I2=100.0%, P<.001), intervention implementation (RD 0.35, 95% CI 0.22-0.47, I2=99.8%, P<.001), and data collection (RD 0.34, 95% CI 0.19-0.50, I2=99.8%, P<.001). The meta-analysis indicated that high community engagement extent yielded the largest effect size (RD 0.49, 95% CI 0.17-0.82, I2=100.0%, P<.001), followed by moderate community engagement extent (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.58, I2=99.6%, P<.001) and low community engagement extent (RD 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, I2=99.2%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that "health service support" demonstrated the largest effect sizes (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.65, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by "health education and discussion" (RD 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.58, I2=99.7%, P<.001), "follow-up and reminder" (RD 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.42, I2=99.3%, P<.001), and "social marketing campaigns and community mobilization" (RD 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.41, I2=99.9%, P<.001). The results of this meta-analysis supported the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion with variations in terms of engagement contents and extent. Community engagement required a "fit-for-purpose" approach rather than a "one-size-fits-all" approach to maximize the effectiveness of vaccine promotion. PROSPERO CRD42022339081; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=339081.

Integrated multi-omic approach reveals the effect of a Graminaceae-derived biostimulant and its lighter fraction on salt-stressed lettuce plants

Plant biostimulants are widely applied in agriculture for their ability to improve plant fitness. In the present work, the impact of Graminaceae-derived protein hydrolysate (P) and its lighter molecular fraction F3 (< 1 kDa) on lettuce plants, subjected to either no salt or high salt conditions, was investigated through the combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics. The results showed that both treatments significantly modulated the transcriptome and metabolome of plants under salinity stress, highlighting an induction of the hormonal response. Nevertheless, P and F3 also displayed several peculiarities. F3 specifically modulated the response to ethylene and MAPK signaling pathway, whereas P treatment induced a down-accumulation of secondary metabolites, albeit genes controlling the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants and antioxidants were up-regulated. Moreover, according with the auxin response modulation, P promoted cell wall biogenesis and plasticity in salt-stressed plants. Notably, our data also outlined an epigenetic control of gene expression induced by P treatment. Contrarily, experimental data are just partially in agreement when not stressed plants, treated with P or F3, were considered. Indeed, the reduced accumulation of secondary metabolites and the analyses of hormone pathways modulation would suggest a preferential allocation of resources towards growth, that is not coherent with the down-regulation of the photosynthetic machinery, the CO2 assimilation rate and leaves biomass. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, although they might activate different mechanisms, both the P and F3 can result in similar benefits, as far as the accumulation of protective osmolytes and the enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress are concerned. Notably, the F3 fraction exhibits slightly greater growth promotion effects under high salt conditions. Most importantly, this research further corroborates that biostimulants’ mode of action is dependent on plants’ physiological status and their composition, underscoring the importance of investigating the bioactivity of the different molecular components to design tailored applications for the agricultural practice.

Social Media Tourism Marketing Optimization: Improving Promotion Effectiveness and Broadening the Consumer Base

This research investigates the price-based strategy of social media in tourism marketing, specifically in China. The study involves both primary and secondary methodology research, represented in qualitative format. The primary research evidence is collected from Chinese travelers and relevant people in the travel industry by using online questionnaires and interviews since it is a more efficient way to receive more responses within less amount of time. On the other hand, secondary evidence is collected from various online sources, including relevant and credible articles, news reports, and academic essays. According to the secondary evidence, the key areas considered in the pricing-based Marketing Landscape for the Travel industry on social media are the challenges, stakeholders perceptions, pricing-based strategies, and the impact of social media marketing. By evaluating the evidence and data, the research concludes that from both social and economic perspectives, social media marketing has a more significant positive impact than a negative one on the views of companies and customers, which benefit both firms and consumers in terms of the ability to provide better product quality. This research further shows that the tourism industry needs to adopt a pricing strategy tailored to firms specific cases in order to achieve more effective marketing and operation efficiency with long-term development.

Roles of estrogen receptors during sexual reversal in Pelodiscus sinensis.

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism, with the males growing faster and larger than the females. During breeding, all-male offspring can be obtained using 17β-estradiol (E2). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying E2-induced sexual reversal have not yet been elucidated. Previous studies have investigated the molecular sequence and expression characteristics of estrogen receptors (ERs). In this study, primary liver cells and embryos of P. sinensis were treated with ER agonists or inhibitors. Cell incubation experiments revealed that nuclear ERs (nERs) were the main pathway for the transmission of estrogen signals. Our results showed that ERα agonist (ERα-ag) upregulated the expression of Rspo1, whereas ERα inhibitor (ERα-Inh) downregulated its expression. The expression of Dmrt1 was enhanced after ERα-Inh + G-ag treatment, indicating that the regulation of male genes may not act through a single estrogen receptor, but a combination of ERs. In embryos, only the ERα-ag remarkably promoted the expression levels of Rspo1, Wnt4, and β-catenin, whereas the ERα-Inh had a suppressive effect. Additionally, Dmrt1, Amh, and Sox9 expression levels were downregulated after ERβ inhibitor (ERβ-Inh) treatment. GPER agonist (G-ag) has a significant promotion effect on Rspo1, Wnt4, and β-catenin, while the inhibitor G-Inh does not affect male-related genes. Overall, these results suggest that ERs play different roles during sexual reversal in P. sinensis and ERα may be the main carrier of estrogen-induced sexual reversal in P. sinensis. Further studies need to be performed to analyze the mechanism of ER action.

Research on the Relationship Between Institutional Investor Network, Government R&amp;D Subsidy and Corporate R&amp;D Investment: Evidence from China

This paper studies the relationship between institutional investor network, government subsidy and R&amp;D investment in Chinese market. This paper selects the data of A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2020 as samples, and uses UCIENT and Stata to process and analyze the data. In this study, companies in the financial sector were excluded to avoid cross-pollination. Through empirical analysis, the research results show that the higher the degree of institutional investors' network centrality, the higher the R&amp;D investment of enterprises. This means that a well-positioned institutional investor network can obtain more professional, high-value information, and promote corporate R&amp;D investment through joint pressure and voting by institutional investors. In addition, this study finds that government subsidies have an incentive effect on corporate R&amp;D investment. Further analysis verifies the moderating effect of government R&amp;D subsidies on institutional investor network and firm R&amp;D investment. The finding shows that government subsidies can improve the promotion effect of institutional investor network location on firm R&amp;D investment.

Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring of Cotton Growth and Its Response to Meteorological Factors

Cotton is an important economic crop and strategic resource. Monitoring its growth and analysing its response to meteorological factors are crucial for field management and yield estimation. This study selects the primary cotton-producing regions in northern Xinjiang as the study area. Firstly, using the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, the Cotton Mapping Index (CMI) was utilised to extract cotton planting areas from 2019 to 2023. Secondly, Sentinel-2A data were used to calculate the NDVI of cotton during the growing season and analyse its variation characteristics. Finally, correlation, lag, and partial correlation analyses were conducted between cotton NDVI and meteorological factors, including effective accumulated temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and solar shortwave radiation, to explore the response relationship. The results indicate the following: (1) The optimal classification threshold of CMI in the study area was determined to be 0.74, which was applied to extract cotton planting areas over the years. The overall classification accuracy achieved was 84.85%. The R2 value for the cotton area extracted by CMI compared to the cotton planting area in the statistical yearbook data is 0.98, with an average relative error of 16.84%. CMI’s classification use effectively distinguishes cotton from other major crops, such as wheat and corn, in the study area. Compared with different classification methods, CMI is more convenient and efficient for extracting cotton planting areas, contributing significantly to yield estimation and management. (2) We found that from 2019 to 2023, some fields were planted with cotton yearly. In order to prevent land degradation, a crop rotation system should be implemented, in which cotton rotates with other crops to reduce the rate of soil nutrient loss and achieve sustainable agricultural development. (3) NDVI can effectively monitor the spatiotemporal changes and regional variations in cotton growth. Sentinel-2 multi-spectral imagery possesses high spatial and temporal resolution, enabling effective monitoring of cotton growth, provision of cotton growth data for field managers, and application in cotton production management. Additionally, cotton yield estimation can be achieved by comparing the overall growth of cotton across different years. (4) Cotton NDVI exhibits a strong correlation with effective accumulated temperature and solar radiation, with the majority passing the significance test, suggesting a significant promotion effect on cotton growth by accumulated temperature and solar radiation. In cotton cultivation management, attention should be directed toward monitoring changes in accumulated temperature and solar radiation. Moreover, NDVI changes in response to solar radiation exhibit a certain lag. The correlation between NDVI and precipitation is low, likely attributed to local cotton cultivation primarily relying on drip irrigation. Cotton NDVI is negatively correlated with wind speed. Cotton planting should consider weather changes and take corresponding preventive management measures. The research results have significant reference value for monitoring cotton growth, disaster prevention, and sustainable agricultural development.

Supported bimetallic PtNi-vinyl complex for hydrosilylation of straight-chain terminal alkenes with tertiary silanes: Effect of Ni promoter on catalytic performance

A bimetallic PtNi-vinyl complex as catalytic active center was created on modified rice straw biochar by introducing an appropriate amount of cheap Ni component as a catalytic promoter. The constructed bimetallic catalyst (PtNi-VTES-RSOC) was used to catalyze hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes with tertiary silanes to produce alkylsilanes with high commercial application value. The experimental results proved that the conversion of 1-octene 96.5 % and selectivity for target product 97.1 % were obtained in hydrosilylation of 1-octene with triethoxysilane catalyzed by PtNi-VTES-RSOC with mass ratio of Pt/Ni = 1.5:1 (molar ratio of Pt/Ni≈1:2) under mild conditions (atmospheric pressure, solvent-free, 50 ℃ and 3 h). It also possessed higher catalytic ability and regioselectivity for hydrosilyation of long-chain alkenes (1-octadecene) with tertiary silanes compared to the counterpart monometallic catalysts. The characterization and theoretical calculation results demonstrated that the introduced suitable amount of Ni(II) could affect the structure of original Pt(II)-vinyl complexes and form a stable and unique bimetallic vinyl coordination microstructure by using a shared vinyl group, thereby affecting morphology, structure, and catalytic performance of the as-prepared bimetallic catalyst with mass ratio of Pt/Ni = 1.5:1. Changing the introduction order and introducing excessive or insufficient of Ni(II) would both disrupt the formation of this special structure and affect the catalytic performance. Additionally, the formed stable complex structure with vinyl groups could well maintain the catalytic stability. The study results exposed that the as-prepared bimetallic catalyst would possess a great industrial application potential in the hydrosilylation of alkenes by efficiently increasing the product quality and reducing operation cost.

New Insight into Utilization of Fish By-Product Proteins and Their Skin Health Promoting Effects

In regions reliant on fisheries for livelihoods, a significant number of fish by-products are generated annually due to processing. These discarded parts contain valuable biological resources, such as proteins, fish oils, and trace elements, thus holding enormous potential for reutilization. In recent years, fish by-product proteins have been widely utilized in skincare products due to their rich collagen content, biosafety, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the research into and applications of fish by-product proteins in skin health, including alleviating oxidative stress and skin inflammation, reducing DNA damage, mitigating melanin production, improving skin hydration, slowing skin matrix degradation, and promoting synthesis. Additionally, the possibility of improving skin health by improving the abundance of gut microbiota is also discussed. This review underscores the importance of fish by-product proteins in the fisheries, food processing, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

Environmental Regulations and Urban Technological Innovation: China’s Two Control Zones Policy as Evidence

In China, the Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy is an important practice in promoting sustainable development. This study aimed to investigate whether the TCZ policy promotes urban technological innovation. In this research, a DID model was built with the TCZ policy as an exogenous shock using panel data covering over 223 Chinese cities from 1995 to 2003. The empirical outcomes indicate that the TCZ policy is beneficial for augmenting urban technological innovation. Through heterogeneity analysis, it is further observed that the promotional effects of technological innovation resulting from the TCZ policy are highest in the Western region, followed by the Eastern region, and finally the Central region, and higher in cities with a higher proportion of state-owned enterprises than in cities with a higher proportion of non-state-owned enterprises. The findings of this paper align with Porter’s hypothesis and hold significant importance for other countries in devising appropriate environmental regulation policies to facilitate sustainable development.

Study on the effect of county e-commerce development on rural residents' income growth

Against the background of rural revitalization and the development of county-level e-commerce industry, based on the data of Caoxian County of Heze, Shandong Province from 2017 to 2021, this paper studies the promotion effect of county-level e-commerce industry development on urban and rural residents' income through grey relative correlation analysis. The results show that the impact of the development of county e-commerce industry on the operational income of urban and rural residents is similar, and the impact on the operational income of rural residents is partly greater than that of urban residents, and the effect is not obvious. The influence of the development of county e-commerce industry on the wage income of rural residents is greater than that on the wage income of urban residents.

Can carbon reduction policies promote sustainable construction development? Evidence from China’s green building market

Carbon emissions have become a global challenge, and China, as the world’s largest developing country, has a serious emissions problem. Developing green buildings is an important way of reducing carbon emissions. China’s low-carbon city pilot policy may be an effective way of promoting green building development and reducing these emissions. This study uses the low carbon city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment and employs the staggered difference-in-differences method to investigate its impact on green building development. The results show that the low-carbon city pilot policy promotes green building development, and this policy promotes it by enhancing regional green innovation capacity, improving green total factor productivity at the firm and regional levels, and reducing the financing constraints of firms in the construction and real estate sectors. In addition, the promotion effect of the policy on green building development is stronger in western and non-resource-based regions and large-scale cities in China. This study contributes to the literature related to environmental policy, green building, and carbon emissions and supports the promotion of green building development and the reduction of carbon emissions.

Study on the Impact of Digital Economy Enabling High-Quality Economic Development in Yunnan Province

This article aims to explore the role of digital economy and its mechanism in promoting the high-quality development of Yunnan Province's economy. By constructing an evaluation index system and applying econometric methods, the current situation of the digital economy in Yunnan Province and its impact on the high-quality development of the economy are comprehensively analyzed. It is found that the digital economy has a significant positive contribution to the high-quality development of Yunnan Province's economy, and indirectly affects the high-quality development of the economy by enhancing the level of entrepreneurship. In addition, there is a non-linear relationship between the digital economy and high-quality economic development, and the promotion effect of the digital economy on high-quality economic development varies significantly across different levels of economic development. Based on these findings, the article puts forward policy recommendations such as comprehensively promoting the development of the digital economy and implementing a differentiated digital economy development strategy in order to promote the sustainable development of Yunnan Province and the wider region in the era of the digital economy.

Energy Compensation for Crop Growth under Plastic Mulching: Theories, Models, and Limitations

Plastic film mulching (PM) is a useful agronomic means to adapt to the environmental conditions of dryland agriculture and improve crop production. To improve the theoretical framework of PM technology, this study focuses on the interaction between the soil temperature change caused by PM and crop growth. The definition, action mechanism, and simulation of the compensatory effect of PM on growing degree days are introduced to reveal the effect of soil temperature under PM on crop development and growth. Our summary shows that the strength of the warming effect changes with the growth and development of crops, strengthening during the early stage of crop growth and gradually weakening as a crop canopy develops. Generally, the warming effect has a good promotion effect on crop growth, but the crop growth is hampered even with a yield reduction when the increased soil temperature caused by PM exceeds the tolerant temperature for plant growth. Moreover, the compensatory effect of PM could be used to quantify the growth and development of crops under PM and has been widely applied to cotton, corn, winter wheat, and rice. The compensation coefficient is larger in the early stage of crop growth than in the later stage. The compensation coefficient has certain differences for the same crop because of the influence of climate factors, soil moisture content, and soil microtopography. In future research, the theoretical integration of the safety period of PM and the time threshold of the compensatory effect could be theoretically interpreted, and the construction of the compensatory effect module in the crop models will also be an important issue.

Visible-Light Cross-Linkable Multifunctional Hydrogels Loaded with Exosomes Facilitate Full-Thickness Skin Defect Wound Healing through Participating in the Entire Healing Process.

The management of severe full-thickness skin defect wounds remains a challenge due to their irregular shape, uncontrollable bleeding, high risk of infection, and prolonged healing period. Herein, an all-in-one OD/GM/QCS@Exo hydrogel was prepared with catechol-modified oxidized hyaluronic acid (OD), methylacrylylated gelatin (GM), and quaternized chitosan (QCS) and loaded with adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (Exos). Cross-linking of the hydrogel was achieved using visible light instead of ultraviolet light irradiation, providing injectability and good biocompatibility. Notably, the incorporation of catechol groups and multicross-linked networks in the hydrogels conferred strong adhesion properties and mechanical strength against external forces such as tensile and compressive stress. Furthermore, our hydrogel exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties along with wound-healing promotion effects. Our results demonstrated that the hydrogel-mediated release of Exos significantly promotes cellular proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, thereby accelerating skin structure reconstruction and functional recovery during the wound-healing process. Overall, the all-in-one OD/GM/QCS@Exo hydrogel provided a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of full-thickness skin defect wounds through actively participating in the entire process of wound healing.